An Investigation of Void Fraction in the Stratified/Annular Flow Regions in Smooth, Horizontal Tubes

Refrigerants R134a and R410A have been used for void fraction measurements in smooth horizontal tubes with diameters between 4mm and 7mm. Quality and mass flux were varied from 5% to 90% and 75 kglm2-s to 700 kglm2-s, respectively. Two test loops, one for condensing flows at 35C and the other for evaporating flows at 5C, were used in the investigation. Results show that near the transition from annular to stratified flow void fraction changed from viscousinertial dependence to gravitational-inertial dominated dependence. An important feature observed is the annular flow region's relative insensitivity to mass flux while the border region between annular and stratified flows is characterized by strong mass flux dependence.Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Project 7

Experimental Investigation of Void Fraction During Horizontal Flow in Smaller Diameter Refrigeration Applications

Void fractions were detennined for Refrigerants l34a and 4l0A evaporating inside three different tubes during horizontal flow. These tubes are as follows: a smooth 4.26 mm i.d. tube, a 7.25 mm axially grooved tube, and a 7.26 mm 18?? helically grooved tube. Tests that encompass a range of mass fluxes of 75 - 700 k~, inlet qualities of 0.10 - ms kW 0.80, and heat fluxes of 0 - 10 -2 were performed at a temperature of 5?? C. The m experimental apparatus and procedures are described. The predictions of several existing correlations are compared to the data, and recommendations as to which correlations are best suited for particular applications are given. Also, adjustments to these correlations are recommended for special geometries, and for simplicity of use.Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Project 7

An Investigation of Refrigerant Void Fraction in Horizontal, Microfin Tubes

A series of evaporation and condensation experiments have been performed on horizontal microfin tubes with refrigerants R134a and R410A. Mass flux varied from 75 kg/m2-s to 700 kglm2 -s and average test section quality varied from 5 percent to 80 percent. Zero degree (axial grooving) and 18 degree helix micro fin tube configurations have been examined in both condensation and evaporation. Four tubes were examined (7.3mm and 8.9mm diameters with axial and 18 degree helix angle microfins). Evaporation and adiabatic conditions in microfin tubes generally show similar void fraction trends found in smooth tubes. Condensation void fraction results tend to show a reduction in void fraction relative to smooth tube results, possibly indicating liquid filling of groove regions.Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Project 7

Family-based exome sequencing identifies rare coding variants in age-related macular degeneration

Genome-wide association studies (GWAS) have identified 52 independent variants at 34 genetic loci that are associated with age-related macular degeneration (AMD), the most common cause of incurable vision loss in the elderly worldwide. However, causal genes at the majority of these loci remain unknown. In this study, we performed whole exome sequencing of 264 individuals from 63 multiplex families with AMD and analyzed the data for rare protein-altering variants in candidate target genes at AMD-associated loci. Rare coding variants were identified in the CFH, PUS7, RXFP2, PHF12 and TACC2 genes in three or more families. In addition, we detected rare coding variants in the C9, SPEF2 and BCAR1 genes, which were previously suggested as likely causative genes at respective AMD susceptibility loci. Identification of rare variants in the CFH and C9 genes in our study validated previous reports of rare variants in complement pathway genes in AMD. We then extended our exome-wide analysis and identified rare protein-altering variants in 13 genes outside the AMD-GWAS loci in three or more families. Two of these genes, SCN10A and KIR2DL4, are of interest because variants in these genes also showed association with AMD in case-control cohorts, albeit not at the level of genome-wide significance. Our study presents the first large-scale, exome-wide analysis of rare variants in AMD. Further independent replications and molecular investigation of candidate target genes, reported here, would assist in gaining novel insights into mechanisms underlying AMD pathogenesis

Report of the Topical Group on Cosmic Probes of Fundamental Physics for for Snowmass 2021

International audienceCosmic Probes of Fundamental Physics take two primary forms: Very high energy particles (cosmic rays, neutrinos, and gamma rays) and gravitational waves. Already today, these probes give access to fundamental physics not available by any other means, helping elucidate the underlying theory that completes the Standard Model. The last decade has witnessed a revolution of exciting discoveries such as the detection of high-energy neutrinos and gravitational waves. The scope for major developments in the next decades is dramatic, as we detail in this report

Report of the Topical Group on Cosmic Probes of Fundamental Physics for for Snowmass 2021

International audienceCosmic Probes of Fundamental Physics take two primary forms: Very high energy particles (cosmic rays, neutrinos, and gamma rays) and gravitational waves. Already today, these probes give access to fundamental physics not available by any other means, helping elucidate the underlying theory that completes the Standard Model. The last decade has witnessed a revolution of exciting discoveries such as the detection of high-energy neutrinos and gravitational waves. The scope for major developments in the next decades is dramatic, as we detail in this report

Report of the Topical Group on Cosmic Probes of Fundamental Physics for for Snowmass 2021

International audienceCosmic Probes of Fundamental Physics take two primary forms: Very high energy particles (cosmic rays, neutrinos, and gamma rays) and gravitational waves. Already today, these probes give access to fundamental physics not available by any other means, helping elucidate the underlying theory that completes the Standard Model. The last decade has witnessed a revolution of exciting discoveries such as the detection of high-energy neutrinos and gravitational waves. The scope for major developments in the next decades is dramatic, as we detail in this report